We describe an apparatus that efficiently produces 23Na Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) in a hybrid trap that combines a quadrupole magnetic field with a far-detuned optical dipole trap. Using a Bayesian optimization framework, we systematically optimize all BEC production parameters in modest-sized …

Efficient production of sodium Bose–Einstein condensates in a hybrid trap Read more »

In the expanding universe, relativistic scalar fields are thought to be attenuated by “Hubble friction,” which results from the dilation of the underlying spacetime metric. By contrast, in a contracting universe this pseudofriction would lead to amplification. Here, we experimentally …

Accurate Determination of Hubble Attenuation and Amplification in Expanding and Contracting Cold-Atom Universes Read more »